Search results (152)
The Greenhouse gas - Air pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model developed by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), describes the pathways of atmospheric pollution from its anthropogenic origin to the most relevant environmental impacts (Amann et al. 2011). It brings together information on future economic, energy and agricultural development, emission control potentials and costs, atmospheric dispersion and environmental sensitivities towards air pollution. The model addresses threats to human health posed by fine particulates and ground-level ozone, risk of ecosystems damage from acidification, excess nitrogen deposition (eutrophication) and exposure to elevated levels of ozone, as well as various global and regional climate metrics to calculate warming potential or temperature change. The assessed impacts are considered in a multi-pollutant context, quantifying the contributions of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs), primary emissions of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10 and black and organic carbon -BC, OC), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF6), and mercury (Hg). The GAINS model can explore cost-effective strategies to reduce emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in order to meet specified environmental targets. It also assesses how specific control measures simultaneously influence different pollutants, permitting a combined analysis of air pollution and climate change mitigation strategies, which can reveal important synergies and trade-offs between these policy areas. The optimization mode of the GAINS model balances emission control measures across countries, pollutants and economic sectors such that user-defined target levels on various environmental impacts are met at least costs. The GAINS model framework has global coverage with a geographic representation of 180 countries/regions and spanning the period 1990 to 2050 in five-year intervals with extension to 2070 for the European region. The estimation of emissions is combining activity data with emission factors describing alternative sets of pollutant reduction technologies. The emphasis lies on a rich representation of more than a thousand emission source sectors with associated alternative sets of abatement technologies. This allows for identification and quantification of emission sources, exposure levels, and mitigation potentials at a policy relevant level, e.g., by region (EU, country, sub-national, city level), by sector (industry, residential, transport, agriculture), by farm size, by urban/rural contribution. Atmospheric dispersion processes are modeled using a source-receptor methodology that linearly approximates results of full chemical transport models. Critical load information (characterizing ecosystem sensitivities) are often compiled exogenously and incorporated into the GAINS model framework. The model can be operated in the 'scenario analysis' mode, i.e., following the pathways of the emissions from their sources to their impacts. In this case the model provides estimates of regional costs and environmental benefits of alternative emission control strategies. The model can also operate in the 'optimization mode', which identifies cost-optimal allocations of emission reductions in order to achieve specified deposition levels, concentration targets, or GHG emissions ceilings. The current version of the model can be used for viewing activity levels and emission control strategies, as well as calculating emissions and control costs for those strategies. GAINS is frequently used to provide model input for air pollution and climate policy formulation. For example, GAINS has been used for policy analyses by the European Commission for the EU Reference Scenario (Energy, transport and GHG emissions: trends to 2070) and for the EU Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and the air policy review (e.g., Amann et al., 2016, 2018; EC, 2019).
related domains:Climate and air quality
The Aviation Integrated Model (AIM) is a systems model of global aviation. It simulates the behaviour of passengers, airlines, airports and other system actors going forward to 2050 and beyond, with the goal of providing insight into how policy levers and other projected system changes will affect aviation’s externalities and economic impacts. The model was originally developed in 2006-2009 with UK research council funding (e.g. Reynolds et al., 2007; Dray et al. 2014), and was updated as part of the ACCLAIM project (2015-2018) between University College London, Imperial College and Southampton University (e.g. Dray et al., 2019; Schäfer et al., 2018), with additional input from MIT. The model is open-source, with code, documentation and a simplified version of model databases which omit confidential data available from the UCL Air Transportation Systems Group website [1]. AIM uses a modular, integrated approach to simulate the global aviation system and its response to policy. AIM consists of seven interconnected modules. The Demand and Fare Module projects true origin-ultimate destination demand between a set of cities representing approximately 95% of global scheduled RPK, using a gravity-type demand model (Dray et al. 2014). Within each city-city passenger flow, itinerary, airport and routing choice (including hub airport for multi-segment journeys) are handled using a multinomial logit model (Dray & Doyme 2019), and itinerary fares are simulated using a fare model (see Dray et al,. 2019 and references therein) based on segment airline costs and other factors. These models are complemented by simpler models for freight flow and non-scheduled passengers. The Airport Activity Module simulates the flight schedule that would be required to transport passengers and freight, the aircraft that would be used per flight segment, and airport-level operations and delays, and the Aircraft Movement Module simulates en-route fuel use and inefficiency factors. The Aircraft Technology and Cost Module calculates fleet composition, airline costs, and airline choices on technology adoption, and feeds airline costs back into the fare model. Once the model has converged, climate impacts, local air quality and noise, and regional economic impacts are calculated by the three output modules. These models are estimated primarily on detailed disaggregate global passenger routing, fare and schedule data. AIM has been used for multiple studies on the impact of aircraft technology and policy interventions, both in the academic literature and for policymakers. This includes studies for DG CLIMA on the EU Emissions Trading Scheme for aviation, the UK Department for Transport on carbon leakage, and the International Energy Agency on long-term aviation emissions projections. [1] http://www.atslab.org; note that the website-available version is not always the most recent version of the model.
related domains:Transport
NEMESIS has been developed by a European consortium coordinated by the ERASME team, a research laboratory common to Panthéon-Sorbonne University and École Centrale de Paris (France). The other contributors to the model are the National Technique University of Athens (ICCS-NTUA), the Federal Planning Bureau (Belgium) and later the UNU-MERIT of Maastricht University and many others contributors. The model of which construction started in the early 2000’s is, since, continuously improved in order to suit to the evolution of theory and to the needs of users. NEMESIS, is a system of detailed macro-sectorial Economic model (30 sectors) for every European country, that allows (1) to make quantitative transcriptions of storyline scenarios for the building of short- medium- to long-term forecasts, and (2) to assess the socio-economic and environmental impacts of a wide spectrum of policies. For its running, the model requires as inputs exogenous assumptions on drivers such as demography, fossil fuel and other raw material prices, world trade, and the policy implementations of every European country and of Europe. The mechanisms of the model are based on behavioural equations for four categories of ‘representative’ agents: firms (one by sector), households, governments and the rest of world. These equations are parametrized by econometrics or calibrations based on econometric literature. The resulting dynamic of the model is truly macro-sectorial in that it combines sectorial and inter-sectorial evolutions to macro-economic feedbacks. This dynamic is time-recursive (adaptative expectations) and shares similarities, on the short-medium term, with the Neo-Keynesian synthesis, while the long- term dynamic of the model is based on the new theory of endogenous growth where the investments in R&D, in ICT and in other intangible such as training and software, play a key role together with knowledge externalities. The model includes also a detailed Energy and Environment module that retroact on its dynamic. Along with forecast scenarios, NEMESIS allows for a wide spectrum of policy assessments including fiscal, budgetary, labour market, research and innovation, energy, climate and environment policies. The results are presented in terms of economic activity, external competitiveness, employment per categories, inequalities, GHG emissions, public finances, available, whenever it makes sense, at sectoral, macro, national and European levels.
related domains:Economy
GREEN is a statistical model used to assess the impact of agricultural fertilizers and other sources of nutrients on the environment. The GREEN model estimates the mass discharge of total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P) through the stream network down to marine coastal areas, the concentration of N and P, and the relative contribution of diffuse and point sources to the total mass discharge/concentration. GREEN is a simplified conceptual model, which distinguishes between two different pathways in nutrient transfer from sources to catchment outlet (Grizzetti et al., 2006, 2005a, 2005b). Diffuse sources (DS), which include applied synthetic and manure fertilisers, atmospheric deposition and emissions with wastewater from scattered dwellings (i.e. homesteads that are disconnected from sewerage systems), first undergo degradation in the soil via various processes including crop uptake, atmospheric losses and soil storage, before reaching the stream network. Point sources (PS), which include discharges from sewers, waste water treatment plants, industries and paved areas are directly emitted to the stream network. Once in the stream network, nutrients are partially retained in the streams due to algae growth, atmospheric losses etc. The calculation is performed on a catchment of interest, which is subdivided into a number of sub-basins (n) based on a topographic discretisation. A routing structure is then elaborated and serves to establish an emitting-receiving sub-basins relationship, i.e. an up-stream nutrient load is considered as an additional point source to the receiving down-stream sub-basin. With this representation, the emissions of N and P from upstream are transferred downstream taking into account the mass fraction lost in the basin and in the stream network.
related domains:Οther
EU-EMS is a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model. Originally developed within the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme by the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, the JRC contributes to the model development both conceptually and empirically to ensure credibility, salience and legitimacy when providing evidence-based scientific advice and support to EU policy. EU-EMS is used by the European Commission, European Investment Bank, European Parliament, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, European Institute of Innovation and Technology as well as EU Member States and European Neighbourhood Policy countries. EU-EMS is useful both for ex-post policy evaluation and for ex-ante policy impact assessment and provides sector-, region- and time-specific results to provide model-based scientific advice and support to EU policy on resilience, preparedness, supply chain, inequality, migration, education and employment effects as well as structural reforms. All direct, indirect spatial and inter-temporal spillover effects of public investments or EU policies are captured and reported. EU-EMS is suited for assessing distributional impact by immigration status, firm heterogeneity in terms of technology and productivity (efficiency, capital deepening, human resources, green technology). In order to ensure scientific credibility, a particular attention is being paid to a valid representation of the modelled policy area, the model is embedded in a conceptual framework and agreed by the scientific community as well as backed by the scientific literature, and the results are quantifiable, evidence based. Salience is achieved by adjusting the model to be relevant to information needs of decision makers, contributing to raising awareness and motivation to take policy action, results are understandable and the model output is readily understood by policy makers, results are temporally explicit – considers change over time, as well as scalable and transferable – applicable at different geographical and sectorial scales. To assure legitimacy, prior being used for the policy advise all key assumptions are selected through an inclusive process, a wide acceptance and agreement by the involved stakeholders, the model is fair in its treatment of stakeholders’ opposing views and divergent values, unbiased in its representation of preferences and interests, as well as transparent and clear assumptions are provided.
related domains:Economy
The LISFLOOD model is a grid-based hydrological rainfall-runoff-routing model that is capable of simulating the hydrological processes that occur in a catchment. LISFLOOD is used in large and transnational river basins - and at continental and global scale- for a variety of applications, including flood forecasting, water resources assessments and the balance between water demand, consumption and availability, and assessing the effects of river regulation and conservation measures, land-use changes and climate change. LISFLOOD is a complex model built-up by several modules, simulating surface and subsurface processes at a grid scale, and arranging transport of water in horizontal and vertical directions through the landscape and soil. It takes also into account of lakes, reservoirs and groundwater storage. LISFLOOD forms the core modelling of the flood and drought simulation systems developed at JRC, i.e. the European Flood Awareness System EFAS (Thielen et al., 2009), the Global Flood Awareness System GloFas (Alfieri et al., 2013), and the European Drought Observatory EDO (Vogt et al., 2011). The model includes water demand from various sectors, included irrigated agriculture. LISFLOOD is being further developed to include crop yield and energy production, to serve as a model in the Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus project. The model is designed to support water policies and humanitarian aid, and can be used to support each phase of the policy cycle, from anticipation to evaluation. Example applications for anticipation and formulation cover (see appendix to this document): water resources modelling in the Water-Energy-Food-Ecology Nexus and European and Global climate impact studies, and the support to the DG ENV Blueprint of Europe’s water resources assessment (De Roo et al., 2012). Examples for its use in policy implementation are the operational flood (EFAS, GloFAS) and drought (EDO) forecasting within the COPERNICUS programme. Furthermore, LISFLOOD has been used in the various PESETA climate change impact studies (Feyen et al., 2020). At present LISFLOOD is used for the BLUE2 assessment of freshwater and marine water resources (De Roo et al., 2020).
related domains:Environment
MIRAGE is a recursive-dynamic, multi-region, multi-sector CGE model used to analyse policy scenarios. It has been developed by the Centre d'Études Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales (CEPII) in Paris. It is described in detail in Decreux, Y. and Valin, H. (2007) [1] and in Bchir, M.-H., Decreux, Y., Guérin, J.-L., and Jean, S. (2002) [2]. It is programmed in the General Algebraic Modelling System (GAMS) software. The model has been used in-house in DG Trade for several years. The model can be used for ex-ante analyses of policy changes to answer “what-if” type of research questions. It has also been used for ex-post analyses. The scenarios are formulated by changes to economic policy parameters, such as tariffs, non-tariff barriers, subsidies and taxes. These policy changes are usually sector specific or (less commonly) factor-specific as well as country or country-pair specific. The standard version in MIRAGE uses the GTAP 9.2 database (Global Trade Analysis Project: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/default.asp) with the base year of 2011. In 2020, the version of the model used in DG Trade was updated to the GTAP 10 database with the base year of 2014, which is the most recent publically available version of the database also used by other CGE models such as e.g. MAGNET. For ex-ante questions, DG Trade uses recent macroeconomic projections by the IMF and the World Bank. MIRAGE has been used in DG Trade for Impact Assessments and ex-post analyses, but would lend itself also to Sustainability Impact Assessments (SIA) carried during negotiations in order to inform negotiators, stakeholders and the general public or Economic Analyses of Negotiated Outcome (EANO) carried out after negotiations to inform co-legislators in the approval process (in fact a version of the model has been used by an external contractor for a EANO once: https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2016/june/tradoc_154663.pdf). [1] Decreux, Y. and Valin, H. (2007) "MIRAGE, Updated Version of the Model for Trade Policy Analysis with a Focus on Agriculture and Dynamics", CEPII Working Paper 2007-15 [2] Bchir, M.-H., Decreux, Y., Guérin, J.-L., and Jean, S. (2002) "MIRAGE, A CGE Model for Trade Policy Analysis", CEPII Working Paper 2002-17
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Economy, Energy
The EPIC model was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture to assess the status of U.S. soil and water resources and has been continuously expanded and refined to better analyze the exchange of GHG fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. It is used around the world by research groupsinstitutions, like IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis), who calibrate EPIC to meet their own needs. It is a biophysical, continuous, field scale agriculture management model. It integrates a large number of biophysical processes and allows assimilation of Earth Observation products allowing for global calibration of environmental impact assessments. It simulates crop water requirements and the fate of nutrients and pesticides as affected by farming activities such as the timing of agrochemicals application, tillage, crop rotation, irrigation strategies, etc., while providing at the same time a basic farm economic account. The main components can be divided in the following items: hydrology, weather, erosion, nutrients, soil temperature, and plant growth. EPIC maintains a daily water balance taking into account runoff, drainage, irrigation and evapotranspiration. EPIC simulates nitrogen phosphorus cycling and losses. Nitrogen and phosphorus can be lost in dissolved and particulate forms. Losses occur through surface runoff, leaching to the aquifer, gaseous losses and sediment transport. EPIC is used to assess the economic and environmental effects on agricultural and forest lands of enhancing carbon sinks and GHG abatement measures.
related domains:Environment
AGLINK-COSIMO is a global simulation model developed jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Secretariats in collaboration with some OECD member countries. It is a partial-equilibrium, multi-commodity, recursive-dynamic model of global agricultural markets. It is used to simulate medium-term developments in annual supply, demand and prices of the main agricultural commodities produced, consumed and traded worldwide. Those projections are published annually in an extensive report (EC 2019) and also serve as a baseline reference for simulating counterfactual policy scenarios for in-house or scientific purposes, with this and other large-scale simulation models maintained in the European Commission. The 2020 version of the model has over 43,000 equations, covers more than 100 commodities (cereals, oilseeds, sugar, meats, dairy products, biofuels, cotton) in all OECD and FAO countries, and includes 43 domestic market-clearing prices that are linked with 36 international reference prices. The EU is treated as a single market. At the EU level, the AGLINK-COSIMO model is used to produce the report ‘EU Agricultural Outlook for Markets and Income’ (EC 2019). The aim of this yearly exercise is to provide a detailed overview of EU agricultural markets over the next ten years (‘medium term’). It incorporates information from policy makers and market experts in the European Commission, as well as from stakeholders, researchers and modellers, thus culminating into a consensus regarding the likely evolution of European agriculture and related markets. The resulting projections serve also as a baseline reference for simulating counterfactual scenarios of policy relevance with AGLINK-COSIMO or even other large-scale simulation models used in the European Commission. Apart from its standard deterministic version, the model has a stochastic component where market uncertainty stemming from variability in crop yields and macroeconomic factors is examined. Recent extensions pertain to post-model calculations regarding nutrition (calories, undernourishment, obesity) and agricultural greenhouse gas emissions as well as to the quantification of market outcomes due to concurrent and recurrent extreme-climate events.
related domains:Agriculture
COPERT is the EU standard vehicle emissions calculator. It uses vehicle population, mileage, speed and other data such as ambient temperature to calculate emissions and energy consumption from road transport. It incorporates results of several technology, research, and policy assessment projects. The main purpose of the model is to facilitate national experts to compile their emissions inventory, but the scope of the model goes beyond that. COPERT can be used as a policy assessment tool for any type of environmental studies. The model can also act as a reference point for researchers to find information on the emission and energy consumption levels of any type of new vehicles existing on the European roads but also older vehicle technologies which might still exist. The model consists of 3 main parts; the input part, the emission factor part (in consistency with the EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook, based on Tier 1/2/3 methods), and the results part, where the calculated emissions are presented. Estimated emissions are grouped in four sources; emissions produced during thermally stabilized engine operation (hot emissions), emissions occurring during engine start from ambient temperature (cold-start and warming-up effects), and non-exhaust emissions from fuel evaporation, tyre, brake and road wear. Some additional emissions for all driving modes are calculated due to the use of an A/C. Total emissions are calculated as a product of activity data provided by the user and speed-dependent emission factors provided by the software as a result of RDE measurement data. There is also the energy balance feature; the activity data is most frequently modified so that calculated energy consumption meets the statistical one reported by each country. In this case, a mileage correction factor (MCF)and the biofuel content correction factor are applied to the mean activity to balance the statistical and calculated energy consumption. The spatial scale of the model can range from a region to country level. The temporal extension of COPERT can also range from annual to multi-annual, although it actually depends on the activity data provided. This means that the calculation period can range from a year to a number of years (from 1990 to 2050). COPERT can be used for policy anticipation, implementation and evaluation for air quality related policies. It can be used for trend analysis, and input for air quality modelling and impact assessment studies, either directly or after some modifications, sometimes in combination with other emission models (e.g. SIBYL). It has been recently used for the assessment of the emissions from battery electric vehicles, the introduction of Euro 7 emission standards for cars, vans, trucks and buses, and the revised procedure for non-exhaust emissions.
related domains:miscellaneous
The BeTa model is a macroeconomic model that – in the spirit of the QUEST III-RD model and the RHOMOLO model – adopts the theoretical approach of the product variety semi-endogenous growth model of Jones (1995; 2005). It has a dynamic innovation process, described by the interaction of the choices taken in three sectors (Varga et al., 2013): the R&D sector, the household sector and the monopolistically competitive intermediate sector. Furthermore, based on the fact than in the macro model of Varga et al. (2013) a human capital (HC) sector is missing and given also the spirit and the aim of the present study, a fourth sector describing the HC setup was included. More in the specific for the Human Capital sector is based on Varga et al.’s endogenous growth formulation. Furthermore, the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides search and matching labour market structure allows to account for the interaction of ex-ante investments on Human Capital and costly search in the labour market suggested by Acemoglu. The model is based on a hybrid formulation structure which consists in equations partly derived from “hard theory”, partly from “soft theory”. Hard theory: the micro foundations (i.e. formal hypotheses on preferences and technology), and inter-temporal optimization under rational expectations (i.e. model-consistent expectations/certainty equivalence) are considered to derive the behavioural equations; and Soft theory: general macroeconomic reasoning, supported by statistical information, is used in the specification of the mathematical representation of economic behaviour.
related domains:Economy
The model is an Input/Ouput based Dynamic General Equilibrium model (IO-DGEM) of the European economy. The model is simulated conditional to an exogenous variation in the use of digital identity triggered by the perspective revision of the European Digital Identity (eID) Act (eIDAS). The model allows to estimate the sectorial economic effect of possible changes to the eIDAS Regulation in the short, medium and long-term period. For the analysis of the proposal for a European Digital Identity regulation (SWD(2021)124), the model estimates looked at the impact over a time period of 2, 5 and 10 years. In this estimated/calibrated general equilibrium model, the supply-side is based on input-output relationships among industries, while the demand side is fully specified under the hypothesis of monopolistic competition among industries, such that firms are price-setters, i.e. they consider a mark-up over marginal costs in their pricing decisions, and demand is defined considering the full set of industry-specific relative prices. Production takes place considering an input/output production technology, in which the input mix is chosen optimally based on the relative prices of intermediate factor inputs. A flexible trans-log production technology employing 16 factor inputs is adopted for describing the supply side: sectors are those of the two-digits NACE classification (Rev. 1.1) . The attractive feature of the trans-log functional form is that it imposes no a priori restrictions on substitution and price elasticity, that can be derived from the estimated parameters of the implied cost share functions. On the demand side, following a quite standard approach, sector-specific demand and price setting functions are analytically derived under the hypothesis of monopolistic competition. The IO-DGEM allows a scientific evaluation of the potential macroeconomic effects of policy changes at a high level of detail (58 sectors). Thus, its use is of particular relevance to assess possible policy changes of Regulations and Directives.
related domains:Economy
The LUISA Territorial Modelling Platform is primarily used for the ex-ante evaluation of EC policies that have a direct or indirect territorial impact. It is based on the concept of ‘land function’ for cross-sector integration and for the representation of complex system dynamics. Beyond a traditional land use model, LUISA adopts a new approach towards activity-based modelling based upon the endogenous dynamic allocation of population, services and activities. LUISA can be configured to project a baseline (or reference) scenario, assuming official socio-economic trends (from DG ECFIN and EUROSTAT), business as usual processes, and the effect of established European policies with direct and/or indirect territorial impacts. Variations to that reference scenario may be used to estimate impacts of specific policies, or of alternative macro-assumptions. This highly flexible and customisable structure of LUISA makes it a suitable tool for providing insights to policy-makers in Europe regarding landscape, urban areas, investment policies, environment and, more broadly, aspects pertaining to sustainability and territorial cohesion. LUISA is based upon the notion of land function – a new concept for cross-sector integration and for representing complex system dynamics. LUISA aims to contribute to the understanding, modelling and assessment of the impacts of land functions dynamics as they interact from local to global scales in the context of multiple and changing drivers. A land function can, for example, be societal (e.g. provision of housing, leisure and recreation), economic (e.g. provision of production factors - employment, investments, energy – or provision of manufacturing products and services – food, fuels, consumer goods, etc) or environmental (e.g. provision of ecosystem services). Land functions are temporally and spatially dynamic, and are constrained and driven by natural, socio-economic, and techno-economic processes. The ultimate product of LUISA is a set of spatially explicit indicators that can be combined according to the ‘function’ of interest and/or to the sector under assessment. This is notably a wider notion of just “land use modelling” and of what so far has been referred to in literature. The LUISA Modelling platform is a de-facto integrative tool because of its coherent linkages with macroeconomic and biophysical models and with thematic databases. The ultimate product of LUISA is a set of territorial indicators that can be grouped and combined according to the ‘function’ of interest and/or to the sector under assessment.
related domains:Territory
The main purpose of the FORECAST Industry model is to calculate scenarios of industry transformation with the background of climate change mitigation. It covers the European Union, UK, Switzerland and Norway and is usually applied within the timeframe of European and national climate targets (up to 2050). Main calculations happen on national (NUTS0) level, with capabilities to disaggregate results downwards to NUTS3. The model includes all industrial subsectors (e.g. iron and steel, cement, pulp&paper…) relevant to Eurostat and national energy balances, adding details on individual processes (e.g. blast furnace operation) and technologies (e.g. heat pumps, hydrogen-based direct reduction). FORECAST Industry is a bottom-up simulation model. Therefore, the model uses highly-disaggregated data ("bottom") on industrial processes (e.g. specific energy consumption of steel production) to explain observable high-level figures ("up", e.g. electricity use in industry). The main approach is thus the assumption that the sum of all individual industrial activities constitutes the entire industry sector. Simulation means that the model strives to reproduce important aspects of decision-making (e.g. investment in new technologies) close to the actual process – including inefficiencies, lack of information and imperfect decisions. The bottom-up approach of FORECAST Industry is well suited for instrument-based analyses that investigate specific subsectors, energy carriers or technologies (e.g. EU-ETS, IPCEI, CCfDs, Ecodesign, circular economy actions). For example, it is used for ex-ante evaluation of the German policy mix as part of the documentation requirements of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action. In addition to instrument-based analyses, FORECAST Industry is often applied to exploratory scenarios and in combination with other sectoral- and energy-system models. The FORECAST model family also includes models for buildings and appliances.
related domains:Οther, Energy
MAGNET is a recursive dynamic, multi-region, multi-sector Computable General Equilibrium model used to analyse policy scenarios on agricultural economics, bioeconomy, food security, climate change and international trade. It was developed by the Wageningen Economic Research (WECR) in cooperation with JRC and the Thunen Institute. MAGNET is calibrated to the GTAP database and describes production, use and international trade flows of goods and services and primary factor use differentiated by sectors. The database distinguishes 141 countries or regions (including all EU member states), 65 sectors (plus several optional MAGNET-specific extensions) and 8 factors (e.g., labour, capital, land). A distinguishing feature of the model is its modular design which allows tailoring its structure to the research question. The GTAP model forms the MAGNET core while users choose among several extensions: different nesting structures or assumptions about factor markets, different agricultural-, trade- and biofuels-policy mechanisms and different assumptions relating to investment allocation. Other modules deal with the representation of the Common Agricultural Policies (including rural development), land and labour supply, production quotas, tariff rate quotas, biofuels directive, bioenergy policies, water in agriculture, GHG emmisions (marginal abatement curves) and tracking of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to name a few. MAGNET can be used in policy formulation through ex-ante policy analysis. The model assesses policy scenarios related to agriculture and agri-food trade while taking into account other fields directly connected with agri-food production such-as bioeconomy (bioenergy, biofuel, biobased chemicals, …), sustainable use of resources (land and water), food security and nutrition (developing and developed countries) and climate change, but also feedback with the wider (non-agricultural) economy. Policy scenarios are compared against a baseline including the most recent macroeconomic (GDP and population) and agricultural (yields, land productivity, EU agricultural mid-term outlook) exogenous drivers. Focusing on ex-ante policy analysis, the model can be used to support policy formulation or to provide valuable information to policy makers in front of exogenous shocks.
related domains:Economy
GLOBIOM is a global model capturing the multiple relationships between the different systems involved in provision of agricultural, forestry and bioenergy products, for example, population dynamics, ecosystems, technology, and climate. GLOBIOM integrates the agricultural, bioenergy, and forestry sectors and draws on comprehensive socioeconomic and geospatial data. It accounts for the 18 most globally important crops, a range of livestock production activities, forestry commodities, first- and second-generation bioenergy, and water. The supply side of the model is represented at the spatially explicit level of simulation units and takes into account biophysical land and soil, management, and weather characteristics. Land and other resources are allocated to the different production and processing activities to maximize a social welfare function which consists of the sum of producer and consumer surplus subject to resource, technological and policy constraints. Using the year 2000 as the base year, GLOBIOM simulates demand and supply quantities, bilateral trade flows, and prices for commodities and natural resources at 10-year-step intervals up to 2100. The model allows for a full account of all agriculture and forestry GHG sources based on advanced IPCC methods. Based on the structure of the global model, different regional model versions have been developed. Such versions focus on a specific region and incorporate more regional details, such as more crops, policies, or a higher spatial resolution. GLOBIOM can be used for policy anticipation and formulation. The GLOBIOM approach is strongly grounded in the idea that the production of food, forest fibre, and bioenergy, must be analysed and planned in an integrated way across agriculture, forestry, and bioenergy sectors. GLOBIOM can be used to explore the various trade-offs and synergies around land use and ecosystem services, and helps policy makers understand and minimize land use and resource competition through more holistic thinking.
related domains:Agriculture, Environment
G4M was developed at International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in the mid-2000s for modelling afforestation in Latin America under the name of DIMA. Over time, it evolved to a global land use change and forestry scenario analysis framework. G4M operates on regular 0.5x0.5 degree grid. The model uses input data on the grid, country and world region scales. The results can be output on the grid, country or regional scales as well. There are two branches of the model – global and European. The European branch uses additional spatial data on tree species and wood production, species-specific biomass expansion factors, age structure, and other country specific data. The global model usually is solved using 5-year time step while the European model applies 1-year step, the time span is from 1990 (2000) up to 2100. The G4M model computes and compares the income derived from forests with the income that could be derived from an alternative use of the same land, for example, to grow grain for food or biofuel. To do this, G4M computes the amount of the net income currently being derived from forests by calculating the amount and value of wood produced minus the harvesting costs (i.e., logging and timber extraction), and estimates the potential income from the carbon storage in forests (sequestration). Taking these values into account, G4M allows to assess whether it would be more profitable to grow agricultural crops or bioenergy crops, or whether forestry is the best option for the land use. G4M can be used for ex-ante impact assessments. It produces estimates of the forest area change, carbon sequestration and emissions in forests, impacts of carbon incentives (e.g. avoided deforestation, stimulated afforestation, and forest management aimed at production of demanded amount of wood and enhancing carbon storage in forest biomass at the same time) and supply of biomass for bio-energy and timber.
related domains:Climate, Economy, Environment, Οther, Energy
The VHK stock-model, since 2013 better known as the EIA-model (Ecodesign Impact Accounting model), has been used by VHK in its current form since 2008 in 25 official Impact Assessments (IA) reports. These include the IA for the review of the Energy Labelling Framework Directive in 2015 and the IAs for 24 Ecodesign Commission Regulations, in 15 cases also covering Energy Labelling Commission Delegated Regulations for the same product group. VHK has developed, optimised and used (proprietary) stock models for preparatory studies on energy labels under the 92/75/EC framework directive since the 1990s. Based on that experience, the model was further developed for application in preparatory studies and impact assessments under the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling framework legislation. As such, it uses inputs defined in the MEErP methodology (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/ecodesign_en), including those in the EcoReport tool. The main focus of the model is on transparency to obtain stakeholder acceptance/involvement. The stock-model is extensive, i.e. covering many output-categories, but uses straightforward intuitive calculations implemented in Excel. From 2013 the EIA tool is used to harmonise and aggregate all Ecodesign preparatory and impact assessment study results in a comprehensive Ecodesign Impact Accounting study, published in principle annually. This also marks the transfer of exclusive distribution rights for the tool to the European Commission. The deliverables of the study include a 40 Mb Excel file covering 50 product-groups with 300 subgroups ('BaseCases') for more than 30 outputs over a timeframe from 1990 to 2050 with a yearly timestep. The Commission then publishes the 300-page pdf of in- and outputs and the model description. Apart from the use in Commission impact assessments, the EIA model is also employed for external scrutiny of the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling programme, most recently by the European Court of Auditors, which --apart from relatively minor corrections-- found the EIA model adequate for that purpose. Outcomes of the EIA study are used for EC press releases on the achievements of the Ecodesign and Energy Labelling programme.
related domains:Environment, Energy
REKK’s European Gas Market Model has been developed to simulate the operation of an international wholesale natural gas market in Europe or a broader region. The model covers the EU Member states 27, UK, Switzerland, the EnC Contracting Parties, Turkey and Armenia. The demand and supply side of the gas market, pipeline, LNG and storage infrastructure is included on a country level. Large external markets, such as Russia, Norway, Libya, Algeria and LNG exporters are represented by exogenously assumed market prices, long-term supply contracts and physical connections to Europe. Given the input data, the model calculates a dynamic competitive market equilibrium for the modelled countries, and returns the market clearing prices, along with the production, consumption and trading quantities, storage utilization decisions and long-term contract deliveries, as well as physical flows on the infrastructure. Model calculations refer to 12 consecutive months. Dynamic connections between months are introduced by the operation of gas storages and TOP constraints (minimum and maximum deliveries are calculated over the entire 12-month period, enabling contractual “make-up”). The European Gas Market Model consists of the following building blocks: (1) local demand; (2) local supply; (3) gas storages; (4) external markets and supply sources; (5) cross-border pipeline connections; (6) LNG infrastructure (7) long-term take-or-pay (TOP) contracts; and (8) spot trading. The model has been useful in assessing: Effects of major global developments on the European gas markets (e.g. LNG supply) Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of new infrastructure and cross-border cost allocation (CBCA) Identifying main risks affecting the realisation of infrastructure projects Security of supply modelling Effects of various tariff regimes on the European gas market Effects of major infrastructure projects and long-term contract delivery point changes on the European gas market
related domains:Energy
The model was designed by the consulting group COWI in co-operation with RPA Risk and Policy Analysts and FoBiG to simulate the costs and benefits related to different policy options aiming to improve the protection of workers at EU level from the occupational exposure to three carcinogens, namely acrylonitrile, nickel compounds and benzene. Based on these costs and benefits, the Commission carried out the impact assessment accompanying its legislative proposal amending the Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive 2004/37/EC. The model was designed to simulate both the costs and benefits related to different scenarios. Benefit model: The introduction of an occupational exposure limit (OEL) is expected to result in a reduction in the occupational exposure to the carcinogen concerned. The extent of such reduction depends on the current levels of exposure, as well as on the projected future levels of exposure in the absence of the proposed measure, i.e. the 'baseline scenario'. For a given reduction in exposure levels, it is then necessary to estimate the expected decrease in the incidence of cancer cases and other non cancer health effects over a given timeframe to the substance in question.The health benefits of implementing new or revised OELs are then calculated in terms of the costs of ill health avoided. Cost model: The introduction of an OEL is expected to result in compliance and monitoring costs for companies. With regard to compliance costs, the estimates are based on the risk management measures (RMMs) needed to comply with an OEL, the costs of the RMMs, the life span of the RMMs and the number of companies and/or workstations. The costs of monitoring air concentrations (sampling and analysis) are estimated separately to the core model on the basis of data for several Member States. The model could be used the carry out impact assessments when preparing legislative proposals amending the Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive 2004/37/EC.
related domains:Health
The LMM uses actual economic data to estimate how an economy might react to changes in labour market policies, reforms or external factors. It provides results for each EU Member State as well as for the EU aggregate. The model has been developed by external experts from EcoAustria. The LMM is a dynamic computable general equilibrium model with a detailed description of the labour market and the public sector (tax- and public social system). It can be used for comparative-static (comparing an initial equilibrium to a new equilibrium after a change) and dynamic simulations (observing an economy’s transition over time from one equilibrium to the other)It is based on an in-depth micro-foundation for the actors involved, namely households and firms. The specific structure of the model allows for results to be split by 8 age groups (based on overlapping generations, starting from 15-19 to 85+). and 3 skill groups (low-, medium- and high skilled). Based on an Overlapping Generations approach, household behaviour and all labour market variables are modelled for eight different age groups. The LMM is used to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for identifying the possible direction and intensity of the effects of policies, rather than to make forecasts/projections of future developments. For instance, such policies can comprise changes in direct and indirect taxation, active and passive labour market policies, employment protection legislation (EPL), training subsidies, pension regimes, direct support to vulnerable groups (such as low-income employment), and demographic shocks (e.g., migration). Simulation results indicate the effects of policy reforms on macroeconomic and labour-market specific variables (such as GDP, investment, private consumption, unemployment, employment, and wages). Household-specific variables can either be presented on an aggregate level or on a more disaggregated level, such as age- and/or skill-dependent. Based on the model, inter- as well as intra-generational and inter-temporal effects can be analysed.
related domains:Economy
The EU is committed to meeting the Sustainable Development Goal Target 12.3 to halve per capita food waste at the retail and consumer level by 2030, and reduce food losses along the food production and supply chains. To achieve this goal, the European Commission carried out several actions including the elaboration of a common EU methodology to measure food waste consistently and proposed, as part of the revision of the Waste Framework Directive, to set legally binding food waste reduction targets to be achieved by Member States by 2030. To support Member States in the monitoring and reporting of food waste quantities to the Commission, and to benchmark the quantities reported, by evaluating data quality and identifying potential errors, the JRC developed a model for the estimation of food waste at Member State level, based on statistical and literature data, adopting a consistent approach across countries, and enabling the assessment of temporal trends. The model estimates yearly generation of food waste, food losses, and by-products from food production and processing in the EU. These quantities are estimated for each year and Member State, distinguishing between food groups and stages of the supply chain (i.e. primary production, processing and manufacturing, retail and distribution, households, and food services). While food waste is quantified at all stages of the supply chain, food losses are quantified at primary production (i.e. pre-harvesting stage), and by-products (used for animal feed and non-food uses) are quantified at primary production and processing and manufacturing stages. The model was built by developing yearly material flows analyses (MFA) of the food system in each Member State. The resulting estimates offer a high degree of granularity, enabling the model to be used for scenario analyses, such as evaluating the impact of dietary changes on food waste generation. In addition to its use for benchmarking purposes, the model has been used to support the impact assessment of the legislative proposal on the revision of the Waste Framework Directive. By complementing Member States’ reported data on food waste generation, the model allowed for the disaggregation of estimates at the food group level. This, in turn, facilitated a more precise analysis of the environmental impacts associated with food waste and the potential environmental benefits of achieving the proposed targets (Sala et al., 2023, De Jong et al., 2023). In addition, this model may serve policy makers for three main aspects that can support the analysis of both existing and future policies: Monitoring of policies along time Identification of hotspots at different levels (e.g. products and supply chain stages responsible for larger generation of food waste) Analysis of policy and green transition scenarios (e.g. assessing the potential for increasing the circularity of the EU food system or the effects of promoting a societal shift to reduce consumer food waste).
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Economy, Environment
REKK’s EEMM is a partial equilibrium microeconomic model. It assumes that the electricity market is fully liberalised and perfectly competitive. In the model, electricity generation as well as cross-border capacities are allocated on a market basis without gaming or withholding capacity: the cheapest available generation is used, and if imports are cheaper than producing electricity domestically demand is satisfied from imports. Both production and trade are constrained by the available installed capacity and net transfer capacity (NTC) of cross-border transmission networks respectively. Due to these capacity constraints, prices across borders are not always equalised. There are 41 countries (44 markets) modelled in EEMM: in these countries prices are derived from the demand-supply balance, while on outside markets we assume exogenous prices. The EEMM model has an hourly time step, modelling 90 representative hours with respect to load, covering all four seasons and all daily variations in electricity demand. The selection of these hours ensures that both peak and base hours are represented, and that the impact of volatility in the generation of intermittent RES technologies on wholesale price levels are captured by the model. There are three types of market participants in the model: producers, consumers, and traders. All of them behave in a price-taking manner: they take the prevailing market price as given and assume that their actions have a negligible effect on this price. The model has been useful in assessing: Effects of different coal phase-out policies in Europe Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of new infrastructure and cross-border cost allocation (CBCA) Electricity wholesale price forecast Effects of various fuel price assumptions (natural gas, coal) on the European electricity wholesale market Effects of the CO2 price on the European electricity wholesale market Effects of a new power plant/cross-border line on the European electricity market
related domains:Energy
RHOMOLO is a recursively dynamic spatial computable general equilibrium (spatial CGE) model used to simulate the sector-, region-, and time-specific impact of EU policies and to provide support to policy makers in the evaluation of investments, reforms, and structural changes in the economy. The current version of RHOMOLO (v3) covers 267 EU NUTS 2 regions and one residual Rest of the World region, disaggregating their economies into ten NACE rev.2 sectors entailing a constant effort on data updating and maintenance. All the monetary transactions in the economy are included in the model resulting from agents taking optimising decisions. Goods and services are consumed by households, governments, and firms, and are produced in markets that can be either perfectly or imperfectly competitive. Spatial interactions between regions are captured through costly trade matrices of goods and services and factor mobility through migration and investments. This makes RHOMOLO particularly well suited for analysing policies related to investments in human capital, transport infrastructure, and innovation. The RHOMOLO model has been developed by the JRC in collaboration with the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO). The explicitly modelled spatial dimension makes it a unique tool for territorial impact assessment. An up-to-date list of policy applications and publications of the model can be found here. The latest RHOMOLO Newsletter containing the most recent activities of the Regional Economic Modelling group can be found here. The RHOMOLO webtool (a simplified version of the model to carry out some simple policy exercises) can be found here. Please note that the webtool should not be used for real policy analysis, only the fully-fledged RHOMOLO model can be used for that purpose.
related domains:Economy
Quantitative evidence plays an important role in many Impact Assessments (IAs), but also qualitative data such as stakeholder input, conclusions of evaluations, as well as scientific and expert advice are frequently used. This generates a multitude of criteria of varying nature, which should be consistently integrated and evaluated when comparing policy options. The most widespread multidimensional approach to ex-ante IAs is multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), which forms the basis for social multicriteria evaluation (SMCE), which has been explicitly designed for public policy. SMCE allows taking into account a wide range of assessment criteria, such as the impact on SMEs, the degree of protection of fundamental rights, consumer protection, etc. while all the multidimensional profiles of the problem remain in their original scales of measurement. SOCRATES ( SOcial multi CRiteria AssessmenT of European policieS ) is a new multiple criteria software tool designed to implement SMCE. Developed by the Joint Research Centre, SOCRATES has been explicitly designed for ex-ante Impact Assessment (IA) problems. Overall, the objective of SOCRATES and the underlying SMCE methodology is not to substitute policy-makers through a mathematical model, but to improve their understanding of the main features of the problem at hand, such as key assumptions, degree of uncertainty, robustness of results and overall technical and social defensibility of options chosen. While SMCE has already been applied in a multitude of policy problems since, its recent technical implementation SOCRATES is now applied to support EC impact assessments, starting with DG SANTE.
related domains:Οther
The Model for European LIght Sources Analysis (MELISA) has been developed by VHK in the context of the 2015 Ecodesign and Energy Labelling review study on light sources (ENER Lot 8/9/19). The model was reviewed by experts from the European lighting industry (LightingEurope) and adapted following their comments. It has become an important reference for studies on light sources. MELISA is a variant of the Ecodesign Impact Accounting (EIA) model, described in a separate MIDAS fact sheet. The main difference between the EIA-model (for all products) and the more specific MELISA model (only for light sources) is the addition in MELISA of a sales-shift mechanism. This mechanism allows modelling of shifts in sales from less efficient (e.g. incandescent-, halogen-, fluorescent-) to more efficient (LED-) light source types, while keeping the development of the overall EU stock of light sources the same. The user can control the sales-shift by defining up to 3 shift-scenarios (per type of light source, separately for residential and non-residential sectors), but MELISA will display results only for the currently selected scenario (alternative scenarios have to be saved as separate files or as fixed values). To facilitate the sales-shift mechanism, MELISA uses a different internal organisation of the data. Where the EIA-model basically uses an organisation per parameter (e.g. Sales, Stock, Load, Efficiency, Energy, Emission, Expense), MELISA is based on an organisation per light source type (e.g. Linear fluorescent, Compact fluorescent, High-Intensity discharge, Incandescent GLS, Halogen, LED). In addition, MELISA separately addresses residential and non-residential sector from the start, while EIA performs an ex-post-split of the sectors. MELISA has been used in the Lot 8/9/19 review study on light sources, in the Lot 37 preparatory study on lighting systems, and in the impact assessment accompanying Commission (Delegated) Regulations 2019/2020 (ecodesign) and 2019/2015 (energy labelling). In addition, MELISA data were used as input for the study regarding the environmental and cost impacts of renewal (or not) of RoHS exemptions for the mercury content of light sources.
related domains:Environment, Energy
The tax-benefit model (TaxBEN) is the cross-country tax and benefit simulation model developed and maintained by the OECD. It is a unique tool for exploring the detailed mechanics of tax-benefit policies and reforms on working age individuals and their families across countries. The scope of TaxBEN includes taxes and social benefits that, together, account for a large share of government budgets. The model is mantained thanks to the grant agreement between the OECD and the European Commission. DG EMPL is the main contributor to the model, which also receives financial support by DG ECFIN. In the past also DG TAXUD contributed to the maintenance of the model. TaxBEN produces policy indicators on household incomes, labour costs and work incentives in different family situations and policy settings. It covers a broad set of income-support and tax policies going back to early 2000s for all EU countries. The model draws on a comprehensive library of tax and benefit policy rules that are relevant for working-age individuals and their families. Model updates have been undertaken annually with full results for the current year typically available internally before the end of the calendar year and disseminated to the users soon after. Updates benefit from the direct involvement of the European Commission from ministries and other government institutions, who provide up-to-date policy information and ensuring the accuracy of results. To maintain a consistent time series for policy monitoring and analysis, any changes or corrections to the tax and benefit calculations are systematically back-dated to earlier policy years as relevant.
related domains:Economy
The European Union is a major producer and trading partner of bio-based products and commodities worldwide. It is therefore crucial to estimate the consequences of EU consumption in terms of the related land demand both domestically and outside the EU. As part of its commitment towards more sustainable production and consumption and the transition to a sustainable bioeconomy, the European Commission developed a physical-based model to estimate the use of land related to EU consumption, distinguishing between domestic land and virtual land embodied in trade. Building on EU land use statistics and bilateral trade statistics related to more than 500 commodities, the model performs yearly estimations of cropland, grassland, and forest land used to produce bio-based products consumed in the EU, by country of origin (De Laurentiis et al., 2024). Estimating how much land is embodied in the EU’s consumption, and especially how much land is embodied in EU’s imports, is fundamental to understand how much pressure the EU puts on other countries by importing products that require significant amounts of land use to be produced. To this end, before being converted into their associated land use, imported commodities are associated to their country of production, taking into account the whole value chain. For example, the cropland embedded in EU imports of chocolate from Switzerland and consumed in the EU is assigned to the countries where the cocoa was originally cultivated. The resulting estimates offer a high level of granularity, allowing the use of this model to perform scenario analyses (e.g. assessing the effect of dietary shifts). Furthermore, these estimates can serve as input data to assess other pressures and impacts linked to EU consumption, such as potential deforestation and related emissions, as well as impacts on soil and on biodiversity. This model may serve policy makers for three main aspects that can support the analysis of both existing and future policies: Monitoring of policies along time Identification of hotspots at different levels (e.g. products responsible for larger use of land or countries from which the EU is importing more virtual land) Analysis of policy and green transition scenarios
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Environment
EUROMOD is a static tax-benefit microsimulation model. Originally maintained, developed and managed by the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), since 2021 EUROMOD is maintained, developed and managed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, in collaboration with EUROSTAT and national teams from the EU countries. The project is financially supported by DG EMPL, DG ECFIN, DG TAXUD and DG REFORM. EUROMOD covers all European countries in a consistent manner, allowing for flexibility of the analyses and comparability of the results. EUROMOD combines information on policy rules with detailed and representative micro-data on individual and household circumstances drawn from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). The simulations cover a large part of the tax and benefit components of household disposable income, in particular direct taxes and non-contributory cash benefits. The components of disposable income which are not simulated are taken directly from the data. Additionally, a specific EUROMOD module allows performing simulations based on hypothetical household data, a synthetic set of microdata where family and labour market characteristics are defined by the user. EUROMOD can be used for policy formulation or evaluation, to analyse the effects of actual and prospective changes in tax-benefit policies over time, studying for example their budgetary implications, the effects on poverty and inequality and the impact on work incentives. A EUROMOD extension (Indirect Tax Tool) allowing the simulation of indirect taxes is currently under testing. The JRC intends to incorporate it to the public version of EUROMOD in the near future.
related domains:Economy
SYMBOL, the SYstemic Model of Banking Originated Losses, is a simulation model developed by the JRC and DG MARKT (now DG FISMA) together with experts of banking regulation that analyzes the probability and the magnitude of financial crisis hitting the banking system. SYMBOL is implemented in full coherence with Basel banking regulations, and includes correlation and contagion effects. In a first step, SYMBOL analyses the riskiness of each bank. Then a number of scenarios are generated in which one or more banks fail, and a probability distribution of the possible evolutions of the banking system is obtained. The model uses micro information about each bank profile as well as aggregate information about the banking sector. Results can be liquidity shortfalls or losses of a single bank, cumulated losses for the whole system, and estimates of the individual contributions to the systemic risk. SYMBOL is suitable for policy preparation and implementation. It can assess the impact of various regulatory/policy initiatives in the realm of banking. In The model has been used in this way by the European Commission as a tool for the assessment of contingent liabilities linked to public support to the EU banking sector and for ex-ante quantitative impact assessment of a number of legislative proposals such as the stability effect of regulatory tools of the banking safety net. It makes up a framework for evaluating dimension, role, risk-based contributions and integration between Deposits Guarantee Schemes, Resolution Funds, impact of capitalization parameters as required by Basel III and the Capital Requirement Directive IV, and for evaluating the residual risk supported by public finances.
related domains:miscellaneous
The DIONE Fleet Impact Model is used to assess the impacts of changes in the European and MS road transport fleet characteristics up to the year 2050. It is a flexible tool which can be employed to analyse scenarios on road vehicle stock development and composition, vehicle activity and driving patterns, and vehicle technology and fuel use trends. The model contains a calibrated baseline which is consistent with the country-specific stock and activity data collected in the project TRACCS, and is taken forward following the trends of a PRIMES baseline scenario. Fuel consumption and emission calculation for combustion engine vehicles is based on COPERT methodology. For alternative fuel vehicles, an energy and emission calculation methodology has been developed which takes account of vehicle characteristics, trip lengths and speed distributions. For both energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, DIONE can provide real world Tank-to-Wheel (TtW) up to the year 2050 as well as Well-to-Wheel (WtW) results up to 2030. The DIONE cost curve model is employed for developing cost curves which describe the costs associated with reaching a given CO2 standard, for a given vehicle segment and powertrain. Cost curves are constructed by identifying cost-optimal bundles of technologies for CO2 reduction and then fitting a continuous cost curve. The DIONE Cross-optimization module identifies cost-optimal strategies to reach given emission targets, building on the cost curves. Cross-optimization outcomes can be used to assess the impact of different policy options on manufacturing costs for different manufacturers and the market as a whole. The DIONE Total Cost of Ownership Module computes total costs of ownership for different vehicle types and powertrains, summarizing the results from the previous steps and adding fuel/energy costs and maintenance costs. This allows assessing the societal costs associated with a policy option, as well as costs for consumers (new vehicle buyers and second-hand vehicle buyers). DIONE can be used for ex-ante policy support. All DIONE modules are employed to provide policy support in the context of decarbonisation and electrification of road transport, as well as for assessing possible transitions towards alternative fuels for road transport.
related domains:Transport
The model AnaFgas (Analysis of Fluorinated greenhouse gases) is a bottom-up stock model to derive demand and emission scenarios for F-gases in relevant sectors and sub-sectors for the EU27+UK Member States. It models demand for and emissions of HFCs, PFCs and SF6 for the period 2000 to 2050 based on market data and estimates of the quantity of equipment or products sold each year containing these substances, and the amount of substances required in the EU to manufacture and/or maintain equipment and products over time. All emission and demand estimates are derived from bottom-up approaches, i.e. by estimating demand and emissions per sector through the use of underlying driving factors. These include annual changes in equipment stock, composition and charge of the equipment, leakage during equipment lifetime and during disposal. Some of these components are driven by other factors such as population development, GDP growth or technological changes. Based on these drivers, annual emissions and banks as well as use can be calculated for each year, sub sector and EU Member State. AnaFgas makes use of market information to build an inventory of the in-use stocks of the equipment in each of the end-uses in each country. This includes the percentage of the equipment stock that contains each F-gas. These modelled stock inventories are maintained through the annual addition of new equipment/new F-gas quantities and the retirement of equipment after an appropriate number of years. Annual leak rates, servicing emissions, and disposal emissions are estimated for each of the end-uses. The AnaFgas cost module is based on model installations per sector and respective assumptions investment and operating expenditures for available options of used F-gases or F-gas alternatives. Specific cost at model installation level can be recalculated into total sectoral cost in the EU27+UK AnaFgas scope by means of AnaFgas data on equipment stocks. AnaFgas can be used to quantify the effects and costs of policy interventions to reduce emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases by comparing different scenarios (e.g. policy options, baseline and counterfactual).
related domains:Climate
The model is a computer-simulated, Markov, state-transition model build with the use of Excel (Microsoft Office 2010). TFA intakes affect transition probabilities between four health states (“well,” with “CAD” or “history of CAD,” or “dead”), and the model calculates the number of people in the EU population who would move in yearly cycles through these states depending on TFA intake scenarios. The model inputs include current TFA intakes in the EU and projected future TFA intake scenarios. These are external to the model and are based on systematic literature research, stakeholder surveys, expert judgments and consider the likely effect of different policy options on future TFA intake. The model then computes the health impacts and related costs over the course of a lifetime (85 years) following from different TFA intake scenarios in the EU population. Furthermore, an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio between scenarios, such as between a policy option against a reference situation, can be computed allowing to determine whether a scenario is cost effective or which scenario is the most cost effective option. The TFA-POL model also accounts for uncertainties around the parameters obtained from the literature by applying different probability distributions to them as per current trends and literature recommendations. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) for above model outcomes can then be performed using Monte Carlo simulations. As the TFA-POL model allows for performing ex-ante assessments of different policy options and their respective impacts, it can be used to support agenda-setting as well as formulation of policies in the context of the Better Regulation.
related domains:Health
CORTAX is a macro-economic model designed to evaluate the economic implications of unilateral and multilateral corporate tax policies as well as the harmonization of these policies. It includes 27 countries of the European Union, plus the UK, the US and Japan. Countries are linked to each other via trade in goods markets, international capital markets and multinational firms. It is a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model that captures the behaviour of households, firms and the government sector. All countries have the same functional form structure in terms of consumption, savings, production and public finances, but the data are country-specific. Firms are divided into three categories: domestic firms, multinationals headquarters and multinational subsidiaries. Multinationals and domestic firms differ to the extent that the former optimise profits globally and are engaged in profit shifting activities across borders. However, domestic firms pay their corporate taxes in their country of residence according to the revenues generated in that particular country. The effects of reforms can be expressed as changes in GDP, household consumption, business investment and fiscal revenue. It is coded in GAMS software. The model was originally built at CPB Netherlands, and was inspired by the OECDTAX model (Sørensen). CORTAX has been used for policy formulation for corporate tax policies, in particular the Impact Assessment for the Common Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) and the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB).
related domains:Economy
CO2MPAS is a technology-based vehicle simulation model developed to estimate CO2 emissions, energy, and fuel consumption of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. CO2MPAS was developed to calculate CO2 emissions of light duty vehicles over the NEDC test cycle and protocol, using as input, data retrieved from tests performed in accordance with the new emissions type approval test, i.e. WLTP (Worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure set out in Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151). The WLTP is the new and more realistic procedure for the emission type-approval of light duty vehicles which replaces the old and outdated NEDC procedure starting from 2017. The use CO2MPAS for the purpose of correlating CO2 emissions determined on the NEDC and the WLTP is set out in Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) 2017/1152 (light commercial vehicles) and 2017/1153 (passenger cars). The correlation of CO2 emission values is required to ensure a transition from NEDC based CO2 emission targets to targets based on WLTP emissions under Regulation (EU) 2019/631 setting out CO2 emission performance standards for light duty vehicles. The CO2MPAS model is able to provide the difference in CO2 emissions under the two different test procedures, thus allowing the evaluation of an NEDC-based CO2 value. For doing so it uses of technical information concerning the technology configuration of a vehicle and the WLTP-based CO2 test results. As a vehicle simulation tool, the application of CO2MPAS can be used for other purposes than the WLTP/NEDC correlation. Notably, the model can be used to simulate a large number of variations in vehicle configuration, type, characteristics and technology, allowing for a quick estimation of CO2 emissions from different types of light duty vehicles. In this way it might be integrated in i) a traffic simulation model to evaluate the effect on the overall energy/fuel consumption of policies and measures on the transportation system, or ii) to a fleet simulation model to evaluate the effect on energy/fuel consumption due to the introduction of new vehicle technologies. CO2MPAS is also the simulation model that was used to calculate fuel consumption and CO2 emissions estimates provided by the JRC’s Green Driving tool, an on-line tool that calculates realistic fuel consumption values over specific routes depending on a vehicle characteristics (https://green-driving.jrc.ec.europa.eu).
related domains:Transport
NEAC is a multimodal network-based freight transport model, used for analysing cargo flows for European policy analysis. The system covers all of Europe, neighbouring and worldwide countries and provides the link between traffic and economic development across European regions. NEAC is a privately owned model, originally developed in the 1990s for European analysis of freight flows, and maintained and updated by Panteia/NEA (NL). NEAC is a classical four-step transport model, meaning that it follows a top-down approach, estimating traffic generation, distribution, mode split and network assignment. It was designed to work with the openly available data and data structures produced by the (European Transport policy Information System) ETIS-BASE and ETIS-PLUS projects, thus allowing the model to be linked to other European models. The basic geographical units within the system are NUTS3 regions and the model covers road, rail, inland waterway, ports and maritime. Starting from a database of multimodal chains (produced by the WORLDNET FP6 project), the model simulates the multimodal routeing of the different commodity types from origin to destination via the transport network, and it contains cost models which are used to determine cargo routeing. Through a combination of exogenous and endogenous effects, the system can be modelled over time to produce projections. Sea transport is included within the multimodal network structures in NEAC, making it possible to analyse shifts between maritime and inland freight, as well as competition between ports. The NEAC model can be used in the context of impact assessments, for supporting policy formulation. It is particularly suitable for modelling transport infrastructure policies (e.g. TEN-T), multimodal freight, port competition and containerisation.
related domains:Transport
Together with the GTAP database, Rundynam can be used to simulate different trade policy scenarios for more than 140 countries/regions and for around 65 sectors (agriculture, food, manufacturing and services).These tools allow to evaluate the impact in terms of export, import, GDP and sectoral output. Rundynam is a model developed in the Center for Global Trade Analysis, at the Purdue University. It is a global network of researchers and policymakers conducting quantitative analysis of international policy issues. It also develops collaboration among academia, public sector and private sectors worldwide. The use of economic models, like RunDynam, helps policy making with an economic theoretically consistent framework for analyzing trade policy questions. These types of models help to answer 'what if…' questions by simulating the price, income and substitution effects of different policy changes and comparing them to a so-called baseline (i.e., what would happen without a policy change). The baseline is key as it is the counterfactual against which the economic outcome of the initiative is assessed. Hence, CGE models allow economists to simulate, at the same time, how all sectors and actors adjust to the changes to costs, prices and/or incentives that a trade policy change would cause. This allows for an ex-ante assessment of all the direct and indirect effects of changes to trade policy. Usually, model results regard change in GDP, import and export flows, sectoral output, resources reallocation and price effect. RunDynam, and similar models, are widely applied for providing the economic impact assessment of a trade policy agreement. The main advantage of CGE models is that they analyse the effects of trade policy taking into account the main links between the domestic and international production of goods and services.
related domains:Economy
IFM-CAP is a micro model designed for the ex-ante economic and environmental assessment of the medium-term adaptation of individual farmers to policy and market changes. IFM-CAP was developed by JRC in close cooperation with DG AGRI starting from 2013 for the purpose to improve the quality of agricultural policy assessment upon existing aggregate (regional, farm-group, …) models and to assess distributional effects of policies over the EU farm population. Rather than providing forecasts or projections, the model aims to generate policy scenarios, or ‘what if’ analyses. It simulates how a given scenario, for example, a change in prices, farm resources or environmental and agricultural policy, might affect a set of performance indicators important to decision makers and stakeholders. IFM-CAP is a comparative static positive mathematical programming model applied to each individual farm from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) to guarantee the highest possible representativeness of the EU agricultural sector. Farmers are assumed maximizing their expected utility at given yields, product prices and CAP subsidies, subject to resource endowments and policy constraints. The main strengths and capabilities of the model include the possibility to conduct a flexible assessment of a wide range of farm-specific policies and to capture the full heterogeneity of EU commercial farms in terms of policy representation and impacts (e.g. small versus big farms). IFM-CAP can be applied for ex-ante economic and environmental impact assessment of agricultural and environmental policies at micro (farm) level. For example, IFM-CAP was applied to support the DG AGRI Impact Assessment accompanying the proposal for the CAP post 2020 (SWD/2018/301).
related domains:Agriculture
TRUST is a European scale transport network model developed and maintained by TRT and simulating road, rail, inland waterways and maritime transport activity. TRUST covers the whole Europe and its neighbouring countries and it allows for the assignment of passenger and freight origin-destination matrices at NUTS3 level of detail (about 1600 zones) on the multimodal transport network. Based on Eurostat data, national statistics and ETISPLUS database (CORDIS RCN : 92896), TRUST is calibrated to reproduce tonnes-km and passengers-km by country consistent to the statistics reported in the DG MOVE Transport in Figures pocketbook. TRUST can be used in the context of impact assessments and for supporting policy formulation and evaluation. It is particularly suitable for modelling road charging schemes for cars and heavy goods vehicles as well as policies in the field of infrastructure (e.g. completion of the core and comprehensive Trans-European Transport (TEN-T) network). The model is currently used in the DG MOVE Framework Contract regarding the elaboration of long-term policy scenarios and variants for the transport system of all 27 Member States of the European Union with the time horizon of 2050. Further information on TRUST is available on http://www.trt.it/en/tools/trust/
related domains:Transport
The JRC-EU-TIMES model aims to analyse the role of energy technologies and their innovativeness for meeting European policy targets related to energy and climate change. The JRC-EU-TIMES represents the EU 28 energy system and neighbouring countries from 2010 to 2050. The JRC-EU-TIMES model produces projections (or scenarios) of the EU energy system showing its evolution up to 2050 under different sets of specific assumptions and constraints. The JRC-EU-TIMES model is an improved offspring of previous European energy system models developed under several EU funded projects, such as NEEDS, RES2020, REALISEGRID, REACCESS and COMET. The JRC-EU-TIMES model's algorithm solves for the optimum investment portfolio of technologies along the entire supply chains for five sectors, while still fulfilling the energy-services demand. JRC-EU-TIMES is generated with the TIMES model generator from ETSAP of the International Energy Agency, which combines a detailed technology specification with an optimisation solver. JRC-EU-TIMES simultaneously decides on equipment investment and operation, primary energy supply and energy trade. As a partial equilibrium model, JRC-EU-TIMES does not model the economic interactions outside of the energy sector. Furthermore, it does not consider in detail demand curves and non-rational aspects that condition investment in new and more efficient technologies. More information on the TIMES family of model can be found on the IEA Energy Technology website, http://www.iea-etsap.org/web/index.asp The main role of JRC-EU-TIMES in the policy cycle is anticipation, with a focus on technology policy. Technology policy analyses with JRC-EU-TIMES can complement the European Commission's reference analyses in the areas of energy, transport and climate action. The baseline scenario of JRC-EU-TIMES is always aligned to the latest EU reference scenario. A typical question that JRC-EU-TIMES can address is which technological improvements are needed to make technologies competitive under various low-carbon energy scenarios. JRC-EU-TIMES can support studies which require (1) modelling at the level of an energy system, (2) a high detail of technologies, and (3) intertemporal results on the evolution of the energy system.
related domains:Climate, Energy
PRIMES-TREMOVE is a transport modelling system of multi-agent choices. The model has been developed by the E3MLab and is part of the PRIMES suite of models. Part of the model (i.e. the transport demand module), has been based on features of the open source TREMOVE model developed by Transport & Mobility Leuven. The model is suited for long term (up to 2070) projections in 5-year steps and covers all EU Member States and selected EFTA and candidate countries. PRIMES-TREMOVE solves partial market equilibrium between the demand and the supply of transport services. Choices among alternative transport options and investment are represented by various agents types, which differ in terms of their transport demand. Solving for equilibrium also involves the computation of energy consumption, emissions of pollutants and externality impacts related to the use of transportation means. The model is used for policy formulation. Model projections include the transport demand by transport mode, technologies and fuels, including conventional and alternative types, and their penetration in various transport market segments. Model projections also include information about greenhouse gas and air pollution emissions, as well as impacts on external costs of congestion, noise and accidents. PRIMES-TREMOVE has been used for the 2011 Transport White Paper “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system” (COM(2011) 144 final); for the “A European Strategy for low-emission mobility” (COM(2016) 501), for the 2050 Long-term Strategy (A Clean Planet for all - A European strategic long-term vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy; COM (2018) 773) and for many other policy documents and Impact Assessments, including several policy initiatives of the Fit For 55 policy proposal package under the EU Green Deal.
related domains:Transport
VeSTEM has been developed by TRL within the context of the revision of the General Safety Regulation and Pedestrian Safety Regulation. The model determines the cost-effectiveness of different sets of safety measures to be implemented on a mandatory basis. The combined effect of a set of safety systems may be smaller than the sum of individually predicted effects because the target populations for different systems are partially overlapping but each casualty can only be prevented once. The model allows to arrange systems into a layer structure to avoid such overestimation of benefits. The modelled benefits (monetary values of casualties prevented or mitigated by safety measures) and costs (cost to vehicle manufacturers of fitment of safety measures to new vehicles) are compared with a baseline scenario, where none of the policy options are implemented on a mandatory basis, but voluntary uptake of safety measures continues. Six vehicle categories (M1, M2, M3, N1, N2 and N3) are considered across a geographical scope of the entire European Union (27 Member States) and UK. The evaluation period covers 16 years to allow for a full cycle of fleet benefits to be captured.
related domains:Transport
METIS is an energy model covering with high granularity the European energy system with a focus on electricity, gas and heat. The original model has been developed by the company Artelys. It is currently improved with respect to the representation of energy networks and renewable energy potentials with the aim of modelling and integrated European energy system. The model covers all EU Member States at the regional (NUTS2) level and can by run for medium term projection in an hourly resolution. The METIS power system captures the European power system, representing power production, consumption and transmission assets. The gas system embeds gas-specific assets and performs simulations for the security of the gas supply or supply source dependence analysis. The intra-day module of METIS allows assessing the impact of the re-adaptation of the generation dispatch up-to real-time, while the balancing module allows simulating the real-time dispatch of the reserve units to face imbalance. Both system- and market-wide results can be computed also stochastically, to account for unpredictable events in the energy supply. The model incorporates four bidding strategies as a post treatment of power system simulations: marginal, strategic, oligopoly and fixed-operating costs. The model can be used for the policy formulation. METIS is able to simulate the entire European energy system and markets operation for electricity, gas and heat energy carriers under a stochastic uncertainty, capturing for example weather variations and other stochastic events.
related domains:Energy
GINFORS-E can be used to analyse the macroeconomic effects of a variety of price changes and policies in individual countries in the global context. It is designed for assessments of economic, energy, climate and environmental policies up to the year 2050. Bilateral trade data are consistently linked to OECD input-output tables. For every country, important macroeconomic variables are determined in a macro model. In addition, energy, and emissions data as well as energy prices are linked to the economic driver variables. It flexibly models trade structures, labour markets, energy intensities and energy source structures, considering price dependencies and the situation in specific countries. Explicitly included are all EU countries, all OECD countries and their major trading partners. GINFORS_E is a macroeconometric model, which builds on Post-Keynesian theory. The parameters used in the model equations are econometrically estimated based on time-series data. Agents have myopic expectations and follow behavioural routines of the past. Markets are not assumed to be cleared. The model solves annually. The model can be applied for formulation, implementation, and evaluation. It is mainly used for ex ante simulations. This can include the effect of changed framework data (international oil prices), policy measures (carbon prices), technological changes (renewable energy deployment) or structural change (e-mobility). It is enlarged towards energy technology goods and bioeconomy. However, the database can also be used to determine past and current parameters (consumption-based emissions).
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Economy, Environment, Energy
The CAPRI modelling system is a global agro-economic model, operational since 1999, designed for assessing economic and environmental impacts on agriculture at regional level. CAPRI is a partial equilibrium model, which iteratively links a supply module, focusing on the EU, Norway, Turkey and Western Balkans, with a global multi-commodity market module. It consists of specific databases, generated among others from two major sources: EUROSTAT and FAOSTAT. Specific modules ensure that the data used in CAPRI are mutually compatible and complete in time and space. They cover about 50 agricultural primary and processed products for the EU, from regional level to global scale including input and output coefficients. CAPRI offers projections and scenario work on economic and environmental outcomes for medium and long run perspectives, so far up to 2085. The focus is often on linkages of environmental issues, including emissions of greenhouse gases, ammonia, nutrient balances and biodiversity indicators to the EU's Common Agricultural Policy and trade policies. The model is frequently used in various Commission services (such as DG AGRI, DG ENV, DG CLIMA, and the JRC) reporting on agricultural, environmental and climate policies at the regional dimension in the EU.
related domains:Agriculture
CENTURY is a process-based model designed to simulate Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Sulphur (S) dynamics in natural or cultivated systems, using a monthly time step. The model was originally developed in the late ’80s by Colorado State University and it is, currently, one of the most widely used soil biogeochemistry models. In the JRC.D.3 model framework, CENTURY is running at a resolution of 1 km2 in the agricultural soils of the EU, incorporating the most recently available pan-European datasets. The main purpose is to quantify the current soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and its change under different scenarios, although many ecosystem outputs (eg. soil respiration, plant productivity, etc.) can also be retrieved. A major benefit of CENTURY is that it can incorporate the effects of policy scenarios based on land-use changes and support practices. The impact of the Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) requirements of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the EU’s guidelines for soil protection can be assessed under land management and support practices.
related domains:Environment
The POLES model is a global sectoral simulation model for the development of energy and greenhouse gases scenarios until 2050 (2100 for research projects). It has been developed by the JRC since 1996, and JRC runs the POLES-JRC version, which also includes a module on emissions of air pollutants. The dynamics of the energy system are based on a recursive (year by year) simulation process of energy demand and supply with lagged adjustments to prices and a feedback loop through international energy prices. The model is developed within the framework of a hierarchical structure of interconnected modules at the international, regional and national level. It contains technologically-detailed modules for energy-intensive sectors, including power generation, non-metallic minerals and chemistry, as well as detail of energy uses in buildings and modal transportation sectors. The model also provides a complete coverage of greenhouse gas emissions: the detailed energy system gives the evolution of CO2 from fossil fuels combustion; emissions from industry are derived from the description of the economy structure while agriculture and land use emissions come from a reduced form of the specialist GLOBIOM model. All GHG emissions can be affected by climate mitigation policy. The model supports policy anticipation and formulation by developing consistent global energy scenarios that feed in to policy developments in the field of energy and climate change. The scenarios provide the input for climate negotiations under the UNFCCC and a consistent global energy outlook as boundary conditions for more detailed analyses of the EU energy markets and related policy areas.
related domains:Climate, Energy
The E3ME model is used to simulate and assess the medium to long-term effects of environmental and economic policies, and covering explicitly Europe at Member State level (incl. Croatia), three EU candidate countries, Norway Switzerland and UK, 11 other major economies while the rest of the world is grouped into political regions. The model can be solved until 2050. The first version was built by an international European team under a succession of contracts in the 1980s and 1990s under EEC/EU research programmes (such as JOULE/THERMIE). The current version of the model was developed by Cambridge Econometrics. E3ME is a macro-econometric model which comprises the accounting framework of the economy, based on the ESA95 system of national accounts, coupled with balances for energy and material demands and environmental emission flows, detailed historical data sets, with time series covering the period since 1970 and sectoral disaggregation using the NACE classification of economic activities at 2-digit level. E3ME has an econometric specification of behavioural relationships in which short-term deviations move towards long-term trends. E3ME can be used for impact assessments, and has been used for several recent high-profile assessments, including an assessment of the impacts of high oil prices on the global economy for the 2009, input to the EU’s Impact Assessment of the revised Energy Taxation Directive or input to the EU’s Impact Assessment of the Energy Efficiency Directive.
related domains:Economy
As part of its commitment towards more sustainable production and consumption, the European Commission developed a LCA-based framework, which allows assessing the environmental impacts related to EU consumption and production including two indicators: the Consumption Footprint and the Domestic Footprint (Sanye Mengual & Sala, 2023). The Consumption Footprint assesses the environmental impacts of the consumption at EU and at Member States level (Note: The Consumption Footprint can be also applied to different geographical scales, such as city level as performed for the case of Turin (Italy) - Genta et al. 2022), including embodied impacts due to trade (consumption perspective) including the 16 impacts of the Environmental Footprint method (EC, 2021) (e.g. climate change, ecotoxicity, land use related impacts, water use related impacts, etc.). The Consumption Footprint includes around 165 representative products from five areas of consumption (Food, Mobility, Housing, Household goods and Appliances). The overall impacts of consumption combine data for each representative product regarding consumption intensity and cradle-to-grave environmental impacts based on LCA. The indicator offers a high level of granularity providing results from EU level to product level and within the life cycle of the product (e.g., manufacture processes, environmental emissions). This allows to use the indicator as model for specific scenarios from the micro- to the macro-scale. The assessment of consumption impacts can be complemented with the Domestic Footprint, which assesses the environmental impacts of domestic production and consumption activities taking place within the territory based on environmental statistics and modelling (Sanye Mengual et al., 2022). The model to assess the environmental impacts of consumption and production may serve policies makers for three main aspects that can support the analysis of both existing and future policies: Monitoring of policies along time, including analyses from different perspectives (e.g., decoupling) Identification of hotspots at different levels (e.g., area of consumption, product, life cycle stage, environmental emission) Analysis of policy and green transition scenarios
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Environment, Energy
SIBYL has been envisaged as a vehicle stock projection tool with internal energy consumption, emission, and cost estimation capabilities. It allows the formation and execution of scenarios, policy assessment and target setting. EMISIA has recently redesigned the SIBYL baseline, which is now a COPERT compatible dataset that has been extracted using the SIBYL methodology, going even beyond the limits of the well-known software tool integrating new vehicle categories. SIBYL baseline provides historical and projected vehicle fleet data, emissions, and energy consumption for the whole period 1990 – 2050. Our fleet model SIBYL can now conduct LCA. SIBYL, widely applied till now to estimate the emissions from the on-road operation of vehicular fleets in Europe, has been expanded to LCA matters to provide more holistic environmental impact assessments for road transport. Developing a new method for fleet-based LCA in SIBYL’s methodological core and including emission factors for vehicle manufacturing and decomposition, along with the existing ones for on-road operation, emissions from vehicular fleets can now be evaluated and monitored on a perspective that the real footprint of road transport is revealed in the electrified era.
related domains:Climate, Environment, Transport, Energy
QUEST is a macro-economic model (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) used to analyse and understand the state of the EU economy. It is developed by DG ECFIN, and estimated model variants have been developed jointly with support from the JRC. The first version of QUEST was applied in 2007, and many extensions have been developed since. QUEST belongs to the class of New-Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models that are now widely used by international institutions and central banks. These models have rigorous microeconomic foundations derived from utility and profit optimisation and include frictions in goods, labour and financial markets. With empirically plausible estimation and calibration they are able to fit the main features of the macroeconomic time series. The QUEST model has been estimated on euro area and US data using Bayesian estimation methods. Calibrated model versions are used in wider applications. QUEST supports questions related to policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. Many of the main applications deal with fiscal and monetary policy interactions. In order to deal with the wide range of policy issues in DG ECFIN, different model versions of the QUEST model have been constructed, each with a specific focus and regional and sectoral disaggregation.
related domains:Economy
The Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol (VECTO) is a Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) energy consumption simulation software developed by the European Commission for regulatory purposes. VECTO software platform consists of VECTO software and a series of other software tools developed for the needs of the HDV certification procedure. Those include VECTO-Engine, VECTO-AirDrag and VECTO-hash&sign tools which are used at various points during the certification process. VECTO software is licensed under the European Union Public Licence (EUPL). VECTO provides output values for the average of the test cycle and in 1 Hz resolution for the entire test cycle together with relevant additional simulation results (e.g. power demand of single auxiliaries, losses in transmission, total driving resistance and share of the single driving resistances). VECTO has been introduced in May 2017 in the European vehicle type-approval system as the official tool used in Europe to certify and monitor the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from HDV, and its use is compulsory in Europe for CO2 certification of Heavy Duty Vehicles according to 2017/2400/EU. Beyond this use in policy implementation, VECTO can be used in any other phase of the policy cycle including impact assessment studies, analysis of the likely impact of specific technologies on fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, and formulation and analysis of future policy scenarios.
related domains:Transport
The development of the AERO Modelling System started in 1994 by the Dutch Civil Aviation Authority. The model is suited for long term projections covers all EU Member States plus the rest of the world. AERO-MS assesses the effects of policies on supply-side costs which are then passed through on demand for air travel. As a result, it generates a balanced view of the potential policy impacts on the economy and environment. AERO-MS can be used for the policy formulation. It is aimed at the assessment of global aircraft engine emissions under alternative emission mitigation scenarios by taking into account the responses of and effects on all relevant actors (airlines, consumers, governments and manufacturers). AERO-MS has been used in the SAVE (Study on AViation and Economic modelling) project, as well as in the impact assessment concerning the integration of aviation into the EU ETS, and for the analysis of policies at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the period 2020-2024, as part of an EASA framework contract, the AERO-MS has been updated and enhanced. As part of this work the Base Year in the AERO-MS is updated to 2019. One of the main enhancements to the AERO-MS is to extent the impact assessment possibilities for the introduction of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs).
related domains:Transport
POTEnCIA is a modelling tool for the EU energy system, covering all energy demand sectors (i.e. residential, services, industry, transport and agriculture) and energy supply. The model covers each EU Member State separately, while offering, in addition, the option of addressing the EU27 and UK energy system as a whole. Model outputs are provided in annual time steps for the time horizon 2000-2050. Historical data (2000-2015) are consistent with Eurostat and based on the JRC Integrated Database of the European Energy System (JRC-IDEES), which was developed in parallel to the POTEnCIA model and is publicly available. POTEnCIA follows a hybrid partial equilibrium approach. It combines behavioural decisions with (imperfect) optimisation, using detailed techno-economic data, therefore allowing for an analysis of both technology-oriented policies and of those addressing behavioural change. Special features and mechanisms are introduced in POTEnCIA as to appropriately represent the transformation of today’s energy systems and to assess a wide variety of potential energy related policies and measures. The model can be used for ex-ante policy assessment or policy evaluation. It is designed to assess the impacts of alternative energy and climate policies on the energy system, under different hypotheses about the framework conditions within the energy markets. In addition, explicit policies can be directly addressed, such as those related to energy taxation, efficiency standards, feed-in-tariffs, etc. The main use of the tool is to perform comparative analysis of scenarios.
related domains:Energy
SYNOPS evaluates the risk potential for terrestrial (soil and field margins) and aquatic (surface water) organisms. It combines use data of pesticides with their application conditions and their inherent properties. SYNOPS-GIS was developed to assess the environmental risk potential of plant protection strategies on landscape level using GIS functionalities by linking it to geo-referenced databases for land use, soil conditions and climate data and to a dataset of regionalised surveys of pesticide application. The GIS databases were established by integrating all environmental information on field level, which is necessary to estimate the environmental exposure by drift, run-off erosion and drainage. Calculation of Exposure toxicity ratios (ETR= Predicted environmental concentration/Toxicity value of a.i.)
related domains:Agriculture, Environment
The GEM-E3 model is a global multi-sectoral general equilibrium model. GEM-E3 covers the interactions between the economy, the energy system and the environment. The model is used to calculate macro-economic impacts such as GDP, welfare, consumption, trade, employment, sectoral output, and carbon price. It covers all EU Member States and the rest of the world, which is divided into 19 major economies. Countries are linked through endogenous bilateral trade. The calibration of the model is based on the GTAP database and uses techno-economic inputs from sectoral models such as POTEnCIA, PRIMES, POLES, GAINS, and GLOBIOM. The model simultaneously computes the equilibrium prices of goods, services, labour, capital and tradable emission rights such that all markets are in equilibrium. It integrates micro-economic behaviour into a macro-economic framework and allows assessing the medium to long-term implications of policies. The model evaluates the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHG (e.g. CH4). There are three mechanisms of emission reduction: (i) substitution between fuels, and between energetic and non-energetic inputs, (ii) emission reduction due to less production and consumption, and (iii) purchasing abatement equipment. The model can be used for policy anticipation, formulation and implementation to assess macro-economic impacts of energy, climate and air quality policies. The model has been used, among others, for the Impact Assessments of the 2030 Framework of Energy and Climate Policies, its implementation in the context of the Energy Union, the Paris Agreement, and the Clean Air Package.
related domains:Economy
ASTRA is a strategic model based on the Systems Dynamics Modelling approach simulating the transport system development in combination with the economy and the environment until the year 2050. The ASTRA model is grounded on empirical data of its calibration period (which today is from 2000 until 2015). The model is made of different modules that interact among each other with direct and feed-back effects. Strategic assessment capabilities in ASTRA cover a wide range of transport measures and investments with flexible timing and levels of implementation. Also when coupled with bottom-up models economic impact assessment of climate policy has been provided. Since many years the ASTRA model has been successfully used for the following applications: Transport policy assessment: pricing, taxation (on fuel or vehicle), emissions and efficiency standards, infrastructure investments Technology and scenario analysis: alternative vehicle technology (e.g. electric and fuel cell vehicles), integrated energy and transport policy (e.g. vehicle efficiency improvement) Renewable policy assessment: subsidies, feed-in tariffs, investment strategies Climate policy assessment and energy price trends Geographically, ASTRA covers all EU 27 Member States plus United Kingdom, Norway and Switzerland. The model is built in Vensim software and is developed and maintained by TRT, M-Five and ISI Fraunhofer.
related domains:Transport
The modified version of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE 2015) is an erosion model designed to predict the long time average annual soil loss carried by runoff. It has been developed in JRC during the last 3 years. RUSLE2015 estimates soil loss in Europe for the reference year 2010, within which the input factors are modelled with the most recently available pan-European datasets. While RUSLE has been used before in Europe, RUSLE2015 improves the quality of estimation by introducing updated, high-resolution, and peer-reviewed input layers. A major benefit of RUSLE2015 is that it can incorporate the effects of policy scenarios based on land-use changes and support practices. The impact of the Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) requirements of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the EU’s guidelines for soil protection can be grouped under land management and support practices.
related domains:Environment
The Vivid EU ETS model was created by Vivid Economics to model the EU ETS, for the purpose of modelling the functioning of the Market Stability Reserve of the EU ETS (the MSR). The model builds on the modelling approach from Quemin and Trotignon (2019) [1] that is calibrated to represent the average EU ETS compliance entity. The model considers the EU ETS as a competitive market where firms can bank emissions allowances. The model is dynamic as the number of banked allowances from a given year will affect the total supply of allowances in the subsequent year. Firms are required to surrender allowances for compliance each year that match their emissions and bank any remaining allowances that they hold across years. Solving the model returns a series of equilibrium prices, banking, and emissions within the EU ETS scope on an annual basis. The model has been used to assess MSR options for the Impact Assessment of the EU ETS review. [1] Quemin S and Trotignon R (2019) – “Emissions trading with rolling horizons”. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper 348/Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper 316. London: London School of Economics and Political Science
related domains:Climate
The model was designed by Trinomics in order to simulate the stock of chargers for mobile phones and other small devices for the purpose of assessing the impact of policy measures which affect these chargers. The model addresses the two main charger components, the External Power Supply (EPS) and the (detachable) cable, and differentiates multiple versions of these based on the different power, receptacle and connector types. It covers the EU in aggregate for the period 2010-2030. The model is a stock-flow model, which models inflows to the model based on chargers provided with sales of mobile phones and other devices, and chargers purchased separately. It also models outflows (disposals) of chargers based on assumptions of disposal rates, and also the method of disposal. These quantified flows are used to calculate the main outputs, of consumer cost, producer revenues and environmental impacts. The model can be useful across the policy cycle, ex-ante, interim and ex-post to assess developments in the market, their impact, and the impact of potential policy options.
related domains:Οther
Towards assessing the environmental impacts of domestic production and consumption activities, the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission (EC-JRC) developed the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-based Domestic Footprint indicator (Sanye Mengual et al., 2022). The goal of this indicator is to monitor the environmental impacts of EU and Member States domestic activities along time and the efforts of EU Member States to their domestic environmental impacts from economic growth. The Domestic Footprint assesses the environmental impacts of the domestic activities (production and consumption) at EU and at Member States level, including embodied impacts due to trade (consumption perspective) including the 16 impacts of the Environmental Footprint method (EC, 2021) (e.g. climate change, ecotoxicity, land use related impacts, water use related impacts, etc.). Furthermore, the environmental impacts of domestic activities can be assessed against the Planetary Boundaries (PBs) towards identifying the current situation in relation to the ecological limits of our planet. The model may serve policy-makers for three main aspects that can support the analysis of both existing and future policies: Monitoring of policies along time, including analyses from different perspectives (e.g., decoupling) Identification of hotspots at different levels (e.g., impact category, environmental emission) Analysis of policy and green transition scenarios
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Environment, Territory, Energy
The VM stock and policy scenario model in the current form has been used for approximately 5 years for preparatory studies, review studies and impact assessments. These include the technical assistance carried out for amended ecodesign requirements for external power supplies (ENER) and new ecodesign requirements for servers and data storage products (GROW). The model is based on previous VM models, which have been further developed and optimised. It is based on the MEErP methodology (https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/ecodesign_en) and uses also the modelling in the EcoReport Tool with adaptation where necessary, mainly regarding the calculation of the Life Cycle Costs, which are included in the VM stock and policy scenario model, and regarding the future energy price development, where data from the Commission based on the PRIMES model have been used as agreed with ENER. The main objective of the model is to assess the impact of future policy scenario options in a structured and transparent manner in spite of assessing several base cases and policy options in order to be able to select the preferred option. All VM preparatory and review studies carried out over the last 5 years use the model for the scenario analysis (Task 7 of the MEErP).
related domains:Environment, Energy
The Product Environmental Policy Stock and Impact Tool– PEPSIT is a quantitative tool developed to support EU environment and sustainability policies through socio-economic analyses of technology options of products and processes,at EU-level. The tool has three main goals: To carry out techno-economic characterization of products To estimate the sales and stocks of given products over time, in the EU To perform quantitative environmental and economic impact assessments of different technology options The tool is based on a bottom-up stock and cash flow model, that provides the quantitative information underpinning the impact assessments for product policies. It integrates calculations at the unit level (i.e. one unit of a product) such as the product lifetime, utilities consumption and cost breakdown, life cycle costing and life cycle impacts. This is extrapolated to EU-level using the stock and sales information, allowing the estimation of economic or environmental impacts at EU level. The policy areas of potential use of the model are eco-design, energy label, ecolabel, green public procurement (GPP) extended product responsibility and product end of life policy. It has been successfully used in a number of EC impact assessments.
related domains:Environment, Energy
SimpleTreat was developed to enable calculation of the fate of organic chemicals in a biological wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) ecosystem. The model is a steady state, multiple box model solving the mass balance of a contaminant taking into account phase partitioning, degradation and volatilization. The model estimates concentrations of contaminants in effluents and sludge, and the corresponding discharges through air (volatilization), solid and liquid discharges from the plant. The model is designed to appraise the environmental fate of a chemical undergoing treatment in a WWTP. It can be used in regulatory applications as well as in the assessment of policy scenarios of wastewater treatment.
related domains:Health, Environment
The PRIMES (Price-induced market equilibrium system) model is being developed by E3Modelling, a spin-off of the E3MLab at National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). The model is suited for medium-term and long-term (up to 2070) projections in 5-year steps and covers all EU Member States, and EFTA (except Lichtenstein) and candidate countries. PRIMES combines micro-economic foundations of the behavioural modelling with the engineering and energy-system approach, covering all energy sectors and markets at a disaggregated level. The model determines energy prices, energy supply, energy demand, trade, emissions, costs and investment. Furthermore, the model captures the technology learning and economies of scale. PRIMES can be used for policy analysis and impact assessment. It provides energy sectors, markets and system projections including energy system restructuring, both in the demand and supply sides. The model can support the impact assessment of specific energy, transport and environment policies and measures applied either at the Member State or EU level, including taxation, subsidies, emissions trading system, technology promoting policies, renewable energy sources policies, efficiency promoting policies, environmental policies and technology standards. PRIMES can be linked to other models such as GAINS and GLOBIOM for a full coverage of sectors when assessing climate or environmental policies.
related domains:Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council: amending Regulations (EU) 2018/841 as regards the scope, simplifying the compliance rules, setting out the targets of the Member States for 2030 and committing to the collective achievement of climate neutrality by 2035 in the land use, forestry and agriculture sector, and (EU) 2018/1999 as regards improvement in monitoring, reporting, tracking of progress and review
related models:GLOBIOM, G4M, GAINS, CAPRI
related domains:Agriculture, Environment, Climate, Economy, Οther, Energy, Climate and air quality
Impact Assessment Report Part 1 Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Securing our future Europe's 2040 climate target and path to climate neutrality by 2050 building a sustainable, just and prosperous society
related models:POTEnCIA, PRIMES, PRIMES-TREMOVE, GAINS, GEM-E3, CAPRI, G4M, GLOBIOM, POLES, E3ME, JRC-EU-TIMES, METIS, QUEST, FORECAST Industry
related domains:Energy, Transport, Climate and air quality, Economy, Agriculture, Climate, Environment, Οther
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on: type-approval requirements for motor vehicles and their trailers, and systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, as regards their general safety and the protection of vehicle occupants and vulnerable road users, amending Regulation (EU) 2018/ … and repealing Regulations (EC) No 78/2009, (EC) No 79/2009 and (EC) No 661/2009
related models:VeSTEM
related domains:Transport
Impact Assessment accompanying the Proposals for a Directive of the European Parliament and Council amending Directive 2014/59/EU as regards early intervention measures, conditions for resolution and financing of resolution action Regulation of the European Parliament and Council amending Regulation (EU) 806/2014 as regards early intervention measures, conditions for resolution and financing of resolution action Directive of the European Parliament and Council amending Directive 2014 /49/EU as regards the scope of deposit protection, use of deposit guarantee schemes funds, cross-border cooperation, and transparency
related models:SYMBOL
related domains:miscellaneous
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) .../... laying down: ecodesign requirements for household washing machines and household washer-dryers pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, amending Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 and repealing Commission Regulation (EU) No 1015/2010 and COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) .../... supplementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling of household washing machines and household washer-dryers and repealing Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1061/2010 and Commission Directive 96/60/EC
related models:PEPSIT
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposals for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on: the European Regional Development Fund and on the Cohesion Fund and; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on: a mechanism to resolve legal and administrative obstacles in a cross-border context and; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on: specific provisions for the European territorial cooperation goal (Interreg) supported by the European Regional Development Fund and external financing instruments
related models:QUEST, RHOMOLO
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles and of engines and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, with respect to their emissions and battery durability (Euro 7) and repealing Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009
related models:COPERT, SIBYL
related domains:miscellaneous, Climate, Environment, Transport, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on: establishing Horizon Europe - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, laying down its rules for participation and dissemination and; Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and the Council on: establishing the specific programme implementing Horizon Europe - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation and; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on: establishing the Research and Training Programme of the European Atomic Energy Community for the period 2021-2025 complementing Horizon Europe - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation
related models:QUEST, RHOMOLO, NEMESIS
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) .../... laying down: ecodesign requirements for light sources and separate control gears pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulations (EC) No 244/2009, (EC) No 245/2009 and (EU) No 1194/2012 and COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) .../... supplementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling of light sources and repealing Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 874/2012
related models:MELISA
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles as part of the Union's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 (recast)
related models:GEM-E3, PRIMES-TREMOVE, E3ME, CO2MPAS, DIONE
related domains:Economy, Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a system for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Union, Decision (EU) 2015/1814 concerning the establishment and operation of a market stability reserve for the Union greenhouse gas emission trading scheme and Regulation (EU) 2015/757
related models:GAINS, PRIMES, Vivid EU ETS model
related domains:Climate and air quality, Energy, Climate
Impact Assessment New EU system for the avoidance of double taxation and prevention of tax abuse in the field of withholding taxes (WHT) Accompanying the document Proposal for a Council Directive on Faster and Safer Relief of Excess Withholding Taxes
related models:CORTAX
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment Report Rules on breaks and rest periods rules in occasional bus and coach transport Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 as regards minimum requirements on minimum breaks and daily and weekly rest periods in the occasional passenger transport sector
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Regulation (EU) 2018/842 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement
related models:GAINS, PRIMES
related domains:Climate and air quality, Energy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition Investing in a climate-neutral future for the benefit of our people
related models:QUEST, PRIMES, GLOBIOM, GEM-E3, GAINS, E3ME, CONSUMPTION FOOTPRINT, G4M
related domains:Economy, Energy, Agriculture, Environment, Climate and air quality, Climate, Οther
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Regulation (EU) 2019/631 as regards strengthening the CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles in line with the Union's increased climate ambition
related models:PRIMES, PRIMES-TREMOVE, GEM-E3, E3ME, DIONE
related domains:Energy, Transport, Economy
Impact Assessment Part 1 Accompanying the document Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Regulation (EU) 2019/1242 as regards strengthening the CO₂ emission performance standards for new heavy-duty vehicles and integrating reporting obligations, and repealing Regulation (EU) 2018/956
related models:DIONE, E3ME, PRIMES, PRIMES-TREMOVE, VECTO
related domains:Transport, Economy, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) .../...laying down: ecodesign requirements for electronic displays pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, amending Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008, and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) 642/2009 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) …/... supplementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling of electronic displays and repealing Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1062/2010
related models:EIA
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Council Directive on laying down rules on a debt-equity bias reduction allowance and on limiting the deductibility of interest for corporate income tax purposes
related models:CORTAX
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) .../... laying down: ecodesign requirements for household dishwashers pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Commission Regulation (EC) No 1275/2008 and repealing Commission Regulation (EU) No 1016/2010 and COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) .../... supplementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards energy labelling of household dishwashers and repealing Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1059/2010
related models:PEPSIT
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: to strengthen the application of the principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value between men and women through pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms
related models:EUROMOD
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) amending Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards: trans fat, other than trans fat naturally occurring in animal fat, in foods intended for the final consumer
related models:TFA-POL
related domains:Health
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) .../... : laying down ecodesign requirements for refrigerating appliances pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 643/2009 and COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) .../... supplementing Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to energy labelling of refrigerating appliances and repealing Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1060/2010
related models:EIA
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 96/53/EC laying down for certain road vehicles circulating within the Community the maximum authorised dimensions in national and international traffic and the maximum authorised weights in international traffic
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (recast) and Proposal for a Decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Strategic Innovation Agenda of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) 2021-2027: Boosting the Innovation Talent and Capacity of Europe
related models:EU-EMS
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment Accompanying the documents Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulations (EC) No 261/2004, (EC) No 1107/2006, (EU) No 1177/2010, (EU) No 181/2011 and (EU) 2021/782 as regards enforcement of passenger rights in the Union Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on passenger rights in the context of multimodal journeys
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Council Directive: laying down rules relating to the corporate taxation of a significant digital presence and; Proposal for a Council Directive on: the common system of a digital services tax on revenues resulting from the provision of certain digital services
related models:CORTAX
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on plants obtained by certain new genomic techniques and their food and feed, and amending Regulation (EU) 2017/625
related models:CAPRI, IFM-CAP, SYNOPS-GIS
related domains:Agriculture, Environment
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 92/106/EEC as regards a support framework for intermodal transport of goods and Regulation (EU) 2020 /1056 of the European Parliament and the Council as regards calculation of external costs savings and generation of aggregated data
related models:ASTRA, PRIMES-TREMOVE, TRUST
related domains:Transport
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 2010/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on the framework for the deployment of Intelligent Transport Systems in the field of road transport and for interfaces with other modes of transport
related models:ASTRA, TRUST, PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 2003/87/EC as regards aviation's contribution to the Union’s economy-wide emission reduction target and appropriately implementing a global market-based measure
related models:AIM, E3ME
related domains:Transport, Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) …/… laying down: ecodesign requirements for electric motors and variable speed drives pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 640/2009
related models:EIA
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact Assessment accompanying the documents Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on driving licences, amending Directive (EU) 2022/2561 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Commission Regulation (EU) No 383/2012 and Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the Union-wide effect of certain driving disqualifications
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Forging a climate-resilient Europe - The new EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change
related models:GINFORS-E
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Economy, Environment, Energy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Council Directive establishing a Head Office Tax system for micro, small and medium sized enterprises, and amending Directive 2011/16/EU
related models:CORTAX
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) …/… implementing Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards ecodesign requirements for local space heaters and separate related controls and repealing Regulation (EU) 2015/1188
related models:SOCRATES
related domains:Οther
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 2014/53/EU on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of radio equipment
related models:TRI-STOCK-CHARGER
related domains:Οther
Impact assessment accompanying the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council: amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/652
related models:PRIMES, METIS, GEM-E3
related domains:Energy, Economy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the use of railway infrastructure capacity in the single European railway area, amending Directive 2012/34/EU and repealing Regulation (EU) No 913/2010
related models:ASTRA, PRIMES-TREMOVE, TRUST
related domains:Transport
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive (EU) 2015/413 facilitating cross-border exchange of information on road-safety-related traffic offences
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on standards of quality and safety for substances of human origin intended for human application and repealing Directives 2002/98/EC and 2004/23/EC
related models:SOCRATES
related domains:Οther
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2005/35/EC on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties, including criminal penalties, for pollution offences
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: on minimum requirements for water reuse
related models:EPIC, LISFLOOD, LUISA
related domains:Environment, Territory
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 2004/37/EC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work
related models:CMD IV Model
related domains:Health
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL: on Union guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network, amending Regulation (EU) 2021/1153 and Regulation (EU) No 913/2010 and repealing Regulation (EU) 1315/2013
related models:TRUST, PRIMES-TREMOVE, ASTRA
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Delegated Regulation supplementing Directive 2010/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to: the deployment and operational use of cooperative intelligent transport systems
related models:ASTRA, TRUST
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Council Directive: restructuring the Union framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity (recast)
related models:GEM-E3, EUROMOD, QUEST, GINFORS-E, AERO-MS
related domains:Economy, Agriculture, Climate, Environment, Energy, Transport
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2005/44/EC on harmonised river information services (RIS) on inland waterways in the Community
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation laying down: ecodesign requirements for servers and data storage products pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and amending Commission Regulation (EU) N°617/2013
related models:VM model
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2009/18/EC establishing the fundamental principles governing the investigation of accidents in the maritime transport sector
related models:PRIMES, PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Energy, Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation laying down: ecodesign requirements for external power supplies pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 278/200
related models:VM model
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Recommendation for a Council Decision: authorising the opening of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement with New Zealand
related models:RunDynam
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Regulation (EC) No 1073/2009 on common rules for access to the international market for coach and bus services
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on applying a generalised scheme of tariff preferences and repealing Regulation (EU) No 978/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council SWD/2021/266 final
related models:MIRAGE
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Economy, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure and repealing Regulation (EU) No 347/2013
related models:EEMM, EGMM, METIS
related domains:Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Recommendation for a Council Decision: authorising the opening of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement with Australia
related models:RunDynam
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Union certification framework for carbon removals
related models:GLOBIOM, CAPRI, G4M, GAINS, PRIMES, E3ME, GEM-E3
related domains:Agriculture, Environment, Climate, Economy, Οther, Energy, Climate and air quality
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on: the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) and; Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on: the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF)
related models:RHOMOLO
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 92/106/EEC on the establishment of common rules for certain types of combined transport of goods between Member States
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Communication: on modernising and simplifying the common agricultural policy
related models:CENTURY, IFM-CAP, RUSLE2015, AGLINK-COSIMO, MAGNET, CAPRI
related domains:Environment, Agriculture, Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on: streamlining measures for advancing the realisation of the trans-European transport network
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE, NEAC
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Regulation (EU) n° 910/2014 as regards establishing a framework for a European Digital Identity
related models:IO-DSGEM
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: establishing a European Maritime Single Window environment and repealing directive 2010/65/EU
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE, TRUST
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Council recommendation on: access to social protection for workers and the self-employed
related models:EUROMOD
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: setting CO2 emission performance standards for new heavy duty vehicles
related models:VECTO, PRIMES-TREMOVE, DIONE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: on adequate minimum wages in the European Union
related models:EUROMOD, QUEST, TaxBEN
related domains:Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation laying down: ecodesign requirements for welding equipment pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
related models:PEPSIT
related domains:Environment, Energy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast)
related models:GAINS, GEM-E3
related domains:Climate and air quality, Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: on fluorinated greenhouse gases, amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 517/2014
related models:AnaFgas
related domains:Climate
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for setting ecodesign requirements for sustainable products and repealing Directive 2009/125/EC
related models:CONSUMPTION FOOTPRINT, DOMESTIC FOOTPRINT
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Environment, Energy, Territory
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 2009/33/EC on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation from the European Parliament and the Council on: rail passengers' rights and obligations (recast)
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning urban wastewater treatment (recast)
related models:GREEN, SimpleTreat
related domains:Οther, Health, Environment
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: establishing a carbon border adjustment mechanism
related models:GEM-E3, EUROMOD, PRIMES
related domains:Economy, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: on the use of renewable and low-carbon fuels in maritime transport
related models:PRIMES, TRUST
related domains:Energy, Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and repealing Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
related models:PRIMES, PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Energy, Transport
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2009/21/EC on compliance with flag State requirements
related models:PRIMES, PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Energy, Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: amending Directive 2008/96/EC on road infrastructure safety management
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council: on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE, PRIMES
related domains:Transport, Energy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2008/98/EC on waste
related models:CONSUMPTION FOOTPRINT, MAGNET, FS-MFA
related domains:Agriculture, Climate, Environment, Energy, Economy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on: the establishment of a European Investment Stabilisation Function
related models:QUEST
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2009/16/EC on port State control
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE, PRIMES
related domains:Transport, Energy
Impact assessment accompanying the document Commission Regulation (EU) No .../... on: establishing a Guideline on Electricity Balancing
related models:METIS
related domains:Energy
Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Proposal for a Council Recommendation on individual learning accounts
related models:BeTa
related domains:Economy
Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on the accounting of greenhouse gas emissions of transport services
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on: electronic freight transport information
related models:PRIMES-TREMOVE
related domains:Transport
Impact assessment accompanying the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: on energy efficiency (recast)
related models:PRIMES, GEM-E3
related domains:Energy, Economy